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Low Back Pain / Lower-Crossed Syndrome (LCS)
Prevalence
Low back pain is a common disorder involving the muscles and bones of the back. It affects about 40% of people at some point in their lives.
26.4% of U.S. adults report back pain lasting at least a day in the past 3 months.
(Deyo, 2002, Back Pain Prevalence and Visit Rates, SPINE Volume 31, Number 23, pp 2724–2727)
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_back_pain)
Clinical Symptoms
(i) Pain complaining
(ii) Poor muscle endurance
(iii) Lower extremities muscular imbalance
(iv) Lower extremities inflexibility
(Scott, 2001, Hip muscle imbalance and low back pain in athletes: influence of core strengthening, Official Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine; 9-16)
Clinical Treatment
Non-pharmacological Clinical Treatment
(i) Exercise Therapy
(ii) Spinal Manipulation
(iii) Massage
(iv) Acupuncture
(v) Yoga
(vi) Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
(vii) Progressive Relaxation
(Chou, 2007, Diagnosis and Treatment of Low Back Pain: A Joint Clinical Practice Guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society, Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:478-491 )
Study shows that stretching (maintain mobility) and muscle-strengthening exercises are the best types of treatment for improving pain and function.
Muscle-strengthening exercises were interventions that primarily involved muscle contraction that aimed to increase muscle cross-sectional area and
strength. Stretching exercises aimed to increase the amount of movement of a specific joint or series of joints and lengthen the presumably contracted or shortened muscles.
(2005 Hayden, Systematic Review: Strategies for Using Exercise Therapy To Improve Outcomes in Chronic Low Back Pain, Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:776-785.)
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Maintain Spine Mobility
Trunk Muscle Strengthening
Dynamic Core Stability Training
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Therapeutic Effect
Exercise therapy is effective in decreasing pain and improving function for those with chronic low back pain. It also appears to reduce recurrence rates for as long as six months after the completion of program and improves long-term function.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_back_pain)
Study shows that stretching (maintain mobility) and muscle-strengthening exercises are the best types of exercises for improving pain and function.
Muscle-strengthening exercises were interventions that primarily involved muscle contraction that aimed to increase muscle cross-sectional area and
strength. Stretching exercises aimed to increase the amount of movement of a specific joint or series of joints and lengthen the presumably contracted or shortened muscles.
(2005 Hayden, Systematic Review: Strategies for Using Exercise Therapy To Improve Outcomes in Chronic Low Back Pain, Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:776-785.)
The functional integration of specific exercises directed at the deep abdominals and LM muscles are effective in reducing pain and functional disability in patients with chronically low back pain.
(O'Sullivan, 1997, Evaluation of Specific Stabilizing Exercise in the Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain With Radiologic Diagnosis of Spondylolysis or Spondylolisthesis, Spine, Volume 22(24). December 15, 1997. 2959-2967)
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