Metabolic Syndrome

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Prevalence

Metabolic syndrome affects approximately 24% of the adult population; according to the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

(NHANES III) criteria, about 47 million people have metabolic syndrome in US, including 44% of those in the ≥ 50-year age group. Metabolic syndrome is present in 10% of women and 15% of men with normal glucose tolerance; 42% and 64% of those with impaired fasting glucose; and

78% and 84% of those with type 2 diabetes. Most patients (> 80%) with type 2 diabetes have metabolic syndrome.

(http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/484166_2)

Only about one-third of an adult study population was free of all major characteristics of the metabolic syndrome. Since the prevalence of

hypertension, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance usually increase with increasing age, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome will probably also rise in the aging western society.

(Eriksson 1997, Exercise and the metabolic syndrome, Diabetologia (1997) 40: 125–135)

Clinical Symptoms

Fasting hyperglycemia — diabetes mellitus type 2 or impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or insulin resistance

(i) High blood pressure

(ii) Central obesity (also known as visceral, male-pattern or apple-shaped adiposity), overweight with fat deposits mainly around the waist

(iii) Decreased HDL cholesterol

(iv) Elevated triglycerides

Associated diseases and signs are: hyperuricemia, fatty liver (especially in concurrent obesity) progressing to NAFLD, polycystic ovarian syndrome (in women), and acanthosis nigricans.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome)

(2012 Golbidi, Exercise in the Metabolic Syndrome, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2012, Article ID 349710, 13 pages doi:10.1155/2012/349710)

Clinical Treatment

Low levels of physical activity are related to most components of the metabolic syndrome. Consequently this offers a unique opportunity to employ

increased physical activity in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome and its components. An exercise program for the treatment of metabolic syndrome should include both aerobic endurance training and resistance training.

(Eriksson 1997, Exercise and the metabolic syndrome, Diabetologia (1997) 40: 125–135)

Exercise training has a significant impact on the morphology of various blood vessels.

(2012 Golbidi, Exercise in the Metabolic Syndrome, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2012, Article ID 349710, 13 pages doi:10.1155/2012/349710)

A combination of frequency, intensity, and duration of chronic exercise is responsible for producing a training effect. The main goal is to develop

maximal strength and power in order to improve physical performance.

(Eriksson 1997, Exercise and the metabolic syndrome, Diabetologia (1997) 40: 125–135)

1

Warm Up

2

Muscle Strengthening Exercise I

3

Aerobic Exercise I

4

Muscle Strengthening Exercise II

5

Aerobic Exercise II

6

Cool Down

Therapeutic Effect

Exercise training has a significant impact on the morphology of various blood vessels.

Exercise regulates fat and glucose metabolism and results in an increased action of insulin, while it also lowers blood pressure and improves blood

pressure control in overweight adult subjects.

(2012 Golbidi, Exercise in the Metabolic Syndrome, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity Volume 2012, Article ID 349710, 13 pages doi:10.1155/2012/349710)

Although exercise improved fitness, the reductions in total and abdominal fatness and increase in leanness were more strongly associated with favorable changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, including those that constitute metabolic syndrome.

(2005 Stewart, Exercise and Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Older Adults, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005;28)